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| Calibration |
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1. Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording
temperatures.
2. Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size. Calibration is used to adjust
scanner readings for greater accuracy.
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| Calorific value |
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The potential heat-production value of a wood source. Depends on the cellulose-lignin ratio, the percentage of extractives, and the moisture content.
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| Can velocity |
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The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.
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| Capillary action |
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The combination of solid-liquid adhesion and surface tension by which liquid moves through a cellular structure.
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| Capital cost |
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The total investment needed to complete a project and bring it to a commercially operable status. The cost of construction of a new plant or the expenditures for the purchase/acquisition of existing facilities.
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| Carbon dioxide (CO2) |
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A colorless, odorless gas produced by respiration and combustion of carbon-containing fuels. Plants use it as a food in the photosynthesis process.
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| Carbon monoxide (CO) |
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A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion.
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| Cartridge |
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1. The replaceable element of a fluid filter.
2. The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side
plates.
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| Catalyst |
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A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed or produced by the reaction. Enzymes are catalysts for many biochemical reactions.
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| Cavitation |
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A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.
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| Cellulase |
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A family of enzymes that break down cellulose into glucose molecules.
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| Cellulose |
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The complex carbohydrate that is the principal constituent of cell walls in most plants and trees.
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| Celsius (C) |
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The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions. °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.
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| Centimetre (cm) |
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A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre. 2.54 cm is equal to one inch.
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| Centrifugal force |
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The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.
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| Channel |
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A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.
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| Char |
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The remains of solid biomass that has been incompletely combusted, such as charcoal if wood is incompletely burned.
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| Charge (supercharge) |
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1. To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2. To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)
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| Charge pressure |
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The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).
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| Check valve |
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A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.
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| Chipper |
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Device used to transform pieces of wood to chips by knife action.
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| Chips |
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Thin, short pieces of wood used as a raw material for biomass fuel, pulping and fiberboard production. The product of chippers. Chips are larger and coarser than sawdust.
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| Circuit |
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An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.
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| Closed center valve |
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One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.
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| Closed loop |
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A system in which the output of one or more elements is compared to some other signal to provide an actuating signal to control the output of the loop.
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| Co-gen operation |
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Refers to the production of usable steam and electricity using a particular kind of fuel (for example, woodchips, oil, coal, hydro).
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| Cogeneration |
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The sequential production of electricity and useful thermal energy from a common fuel source. Reject heat from industrial processes can be used to power an electric generator (bottoming cycle). Conversely, surplus heat from an electric generating plant can be used for industrial processes, or space and water heating purposes (topping cycle).
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| Column |
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A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.
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| Combined cycle |
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Two or more generation processes in series or in parallel, configured to optimize the energy output of the system.
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| Combustion (Burning) |
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The transformation of biomass fuel into heat, chemicals, and gases through chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon in the fuel with oxygen in the air.
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| Combustion air |
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The air fed to a fire to provide oxygen for combustion of fuel. It may be preheated before injection into a furnace.
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| Combustion efficiency |
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(actual heat produced by combustion) divided by (total heat potential of the fuel consumed)
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| Command signal (or input signal) |
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An external signal to which the servo must respond.
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| Compensator control |
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A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.
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| Composites |
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Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.
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| Compressibility |
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The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.
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| Computer simulations |
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Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.
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| Control |
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A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).
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| Control console |
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Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.
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| Control valve |
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A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.
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| Cord |
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A stack of wood consisting of 128 cubic feet (3.62 cubic meters). A cord has standard dimensions of 4 x 4 x 8 feet, including air space and bark.
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| Counterbalance valve |
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A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.
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| Cracking pressure |
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The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.
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| Cure |
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To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical reaction (which may be condensation, polymerization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop maximum strength. Usually accomplished by the action of heat or a catalyst with or without pressure.
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| Cushion |
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A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.
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| Cylinder |
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A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion. It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.
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